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2.5.4 Logical Processing of Neurons

2.5.4.1 Overview

Human activities descend from judgements and decisions of the brain. Judgements and decisions are performed through logical processing of neurons in the brain. An outline is explained here.

2.5.4.2 Details

2.5.4.2.1 Basic Mechanism of Neuron Network

2.5.4.2.1.1 Simplified Diagram of Neurons

Neurons form signal processing networks. As mentioned before, the human brain is responsible for basic life support such as circulation and digestion, regulating voluntary movement, consciousness, perception of the five senses, memorization, and thought. Among them, "Visual Perception," "Memorization," and "Thought" would be issues of primary importance and these are performed by Neuron Networks.
In reference to explaining the networks, simplified diagrams of neurons are suggested here.
As mentioned before, a neuron has thousands of axons, axon terminals, and dendric spines. Then the "Diagram of A Neuron with Many Axon Terminals" below shows many lines meaning axons, while they are less than thousands. Other than that, dendrites are left out, axon terminals from other neurons directly come to the cell body (not to dendrites), dendric spines like warts are left out. Synapses are represented by triangles.

Yet, axons and axon terminals of the diagram above are bothersome. Then a simplified diagram below is proposed.


2.5.4.2.1.2 Basic Mechanism of Thought

2.5.4.2.1.2.1 Input Information and Logical Processing

Thought is derived from Perceived Information and Logical Processing. Pieces of perceived information are coded in binary and memorized in some parts of the brain. Some other parts of the brain are responsible for logical processing. The logical process examines binarized pieces of memorized information employing logical operations and the results come out. These are all performed by neurons.

The basic mechanism of Thought is explained blow assuming neuron models. It is assumed here that postsynaptic neuron requires "3 signals" almost at the same time (from 3 axon terminals) to reach "threshold level," while multiple signals are required almost at the same time in reality at a specific site of a dendrite (not merely on the entire surface of the cell body) to reach threshold level.

2.5.4.2.1.2.2 Simple Logical Processing Neuron Model

The diagram below shows a simple state. 3 Axon terminals come from a presynaptic neuron. If the presynaptic neuron "a" send a signal, the postsynaptic neuron receive 3 signals, reach threshold level, and the postsynaptic neuron generates a signal responding to signal "a". (in reality, a signal is first generated near the synapse that the definitive 3rd signal was received.)


2.5.4.2.1.2.3 OR Operation Logical Processing Neuron Model

In the diagram below, additional 3 axon terminals of neuron "b" link with the postsynaptic neuron. In this case, either signal "a" or signal "b" would cause the postsynaptic neuron's signal, while both signal "a" and signal "b" would cause the postsynaptic neuron's signal.
This is the first form of Thought. "Logic" of academic disciplines is responsible for Thought and Boolean Logic (Boolean Algebra) is the basic system responsible for Thought. According to Boolean Algebra's basic operations, the relationship below corresponds to "OR operation" written like "a ∨ b" employing logic symbols.

*The 3 Basic Logical Operations of (Boolean) Logic are as follows. All logic operations including operations in computers and artificial intelligence consist of these 3 basic logical operations. Other operations and intricate signal processing are merely compounds of these 3 basic logical operations.
"AND Operation" represented by "∧". Presuming "a" and "b" are 0 or 1, "a ∧ b"=1 only when a=b=1, otherwise "a ∧ b"=0.
"OR Operation" represented by "∨". Presuming "a" and "b" are 0 or 1, "a ∨ b"=0 only when a=b=0, otherwise "a ∨ b"=1.
"NOT Operation" represented by "¬". Presuming "a" is 0 or 1, when a=0, "¬a"=1. When a=1, "¬a"=0.
* "Boolean Algebra in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra
* "List of Logic Symbols in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols
* "Logic in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic


2.5.4.2.1.2.4 AND Operation Logical Processing Neuron Model

In the diagram below, both signal "a" and signal "b" are necessary for the postsynaptic neuron to cause a signal. According to Boolean Algebra's basic operations, the relationship below corresponds to "AND operation" written like "a ∧ b."


2.5.4.2.1.2.5 Examples of Logical Errors

In this case, it should be noted that neural potentiation through signal generation (Fire) at the cell body upset the property of the neuron.

If a synapse is potentiated becoming "Potentiated Synapse," it wouldn't require both signals (one signal is sufficient) unlike "AND operation" after the potentiation. (The 3rd signal (③) below coming almost at the same time makes the synapse potentiated.) In this case, creation of "Potentiated Synapse" causes logical errors. Then neurons unrelated to potentiation would be required here to avoid logical errors. If neurons capable of being potentiated mix here erroneously by defective DNAs, it could cause misunderstandings (logical errors).


On the other hand, if other signals as background noise come, it wouldn't require both signals (one signal is sufficient) unlike "AND operation." Thus signals as background noise causes logical errors. Then signals as background noise should be avoided here to avoid logical errors.


2.5.4.2.1.2.6 Another Version of AND Operation Neuron Model

In the diagram below, both signal "a", signal "b", and signal "c" are necessary for the postsynaptic neuron to cause a signal.


2.5.4.2.1.2.7 NOT Operation Logical Processing Neuron Model

In the diagram below, neurons b1, b2, and b3 continually cause signals and b1 continually sends signals to the postsynaptic neuron, and when there is no interference, the postsynaptic neuron causes signals. However, because Inhibitory Synapses come from neuron "a", when "a" sends a signal, the postsynaptic neuron wouldn't cause signals. In contrast, when "a" doesn't send a signal, the postsynaptic neuron causes a signal. Then according to Boolean Algebra's basic operations, the relationship below corresponds to "NOT operation" written like "¬a."


The diagram below is a compound example of neurons and logical operations. It responds when both neurons b, d, and f send signals and neither a, c, e, nor g send a signal.


2.5.4.2.2 Placement of Neurons in the Brain

Cell bodies of neurons tend to gather. As far as the Cerebrum, cell bodies gather on the surface of the Cerebrum including surface of walls of Cerebral deep grooves. Specifically, the cell bodies form a gray surface layer about 2 mm in thickness. The gray surface layer is called the cerebral cortex. The rest of the Cerebrum is commonly white and consists of axons.

2.5.4.2.3 Schematic Overview of Logical Processing Systems

2.5.4.2.3.1 Schematic Diagram of Logical Processing Systems

As mentioned above, any logical operations and logical processing systems can be assembled with neurons. The logical processing systems consisting of the logical operations are present everywhere in the brain. Yet, the main functions of the logical processing systems vary depending on the place. Schematic diagram of the main functions is shown below in reference to the side view. The region of Logical Systems would be mostly responsible for logical works.



2.5.4.2.3.2 An Example of Information Processing

An example of information processing might be as follows.

First, some pieces of information from the outside are coded in binary, sent to the Perceptual Systems region, and the binarized pieces of information are processed.
Then they are sent to the Global Neuronal Workspace, which is responsible for consciousness.
The binarized pieces of information that reached the Global Neuronal Workspace rise to consciousness.

Subsequently, for example, as far as creating and storing memories, some binarized pieces of the processed percepted information are sent to the Logical Systems region. The binarized pieces of the information are processed to be organized in the Logical Systems region, sent to the Short-Term Working Memory Systems region, subsequently processed to be organized in the Short-Term Working Memory Systems region.
Then, the organized binarized pieces of the information are sent to the Long-Term Semantic Memory Systems region, highly processed to be semantic (connected with meanings) and stored.
Furthermore, the semantic binarized pieces of information are sent to the Long-Term Semantic Network Systems region, processed to form networks of binarized semantic concepts (networks of concepts connected with meanings) and the networks of binarized semantic concepts are stored.

2.5.4.2.3.3 Binarized Pieces of Information

As far as the binarization of pieces of information, there would be many types of binarization depending on many types of binarizing rules.

For example, as a binarizing rule, any images on a display can be represented by digital data, to be extreme.

This image representing "E" can be expressed, from left to right, from top to bottom, as
"000000 0111110 00000000 001000000 0000000000 00011110000 0000000000 001000000 00000000 0111110 000000."

For another example of binarizing rules, employing 8-digit binary system, "00000010" for "A", "00000020" for "B", "00000030" for "C", "00000050" for "E", and so on, "00000270" for period, "00000280" for "?". "00000000" for space, and "11111111" for separation.
Then "11111111 00000040 11111111 00000050 11111111 00000070 11111111 00000180 11111111 00000050 11111111 00000050 11111111 00000190 11111111 " represents "DEGREES."

Thus, any pieces of perceived information can be binarized in many styles.

Furthermore, for example experiencing advanced education, networks of binarized semantic concepts (networks of conceots connected with meanings) about the idea of DEGREES, the idea of FAHRENHEIT and their relations can be formed and stored. Similarly, for example, networks of binarized semantic concepts (networks of conceots connected with meanings) about the idea of DEGREES, the idea of CELSIUS and their relations can be formed and stored.

2.5.4.2.3.4 Utilization of Memories

It is supposed here that DEGREES, FAHRENHEIT, CELSIUS and their relations are learned and memorized. (Networks of binarized semantic concepts (networks of conceots connected with meanings) about DEGREES, FAHRENHEIT, CELSIUS and their relations can be formed and stored.)
Subsequently after several months, if an expression "HOW MANY DEGREES FAHRENHEIT is IDENTICAL WITH 10 DEGREES CELSIUS?" comes from the outside, they are coded in binary, processed, and sent to the Logical Systems region. Encountering the binarized question "HOW MANY DEGREES FAHRENHEIT is IDENTICAL WITH 10 DEGREES CELSIUS?," the Logical Systems send signals to other neurons to find the meaning of "DEGREES FAHRENHEIT." Then, if the neurons storing the memory of "DEGREES" and "FAHRENHEIT" in the Long-Term Semantic Memory Systems or the Long-Term Semantic Network Systems receive the signals, they would send back signals related to "DEGREES" and "FAHRENHEIT," the Logical Systems receive them and then the expression is deciphered.
As far as the expression "HOW MANY DEGREES FAHRENHEIT is IDENTICAL WITH 10 DEGREES CELSIUS?," if the neurons work correctly referring to memories, it results in "50℉." Otherwise, it might results in "40℉."
As far as the story of Apollo's Moon Landing by Rocket Engines, if neurons work correctly referring to education, books, experiences and so on, it results in "the landing story is False." Otherwise, it might result in "the landing story is True."









2.5.4.2.4 Limit of Average Human Intellectual Level

Human intellectual level is desirably for example, solving all exam problems of Newtonian mechanics with a closed-form solution, seeing through the falsehood of the theory of evolution and Apollo 11's rocket engine Moon Landing before 18 years old. Able students would note the falsehood of the theory of evolution and learn biochemistry around 20 years old.
If DNAs are perfect, cerebral neurons work perfectly and intellectual level become sufficient. However, most people wouldn't have sufficient ability. Cerebral neurons wouldn't work well in many cases. That would be for example, deficiency of nural memorization, deficiency of extensive signal transmission in the brain, deficiency of specific neural circuits in the Logical Systems, and malfunction of the Logical Systems mentioned above. The deficiency of neural ability is consequently attributed to defects of DNA sequences, which often create incompetent neurons.






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