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2.5.6 Memorization and Semantic Memories

2.5.6.1 Overview

A detailed outline of Memorization and Semantic Momeries is explained here.

2.5.6.2 Details

2.5.6.2.1Outline of the Major Process of Semantic Memorization

Meaningful things are called "semantic". As far as pieces of visual information, they are usually meaningful and their meaningful memory is called "semantic memory".
Pieces of visual information are recognized in TE area. TE can hold the pieces of information for a few seconds. (Though the retention time is short, the pieces of information are held, then they are a kind of memory called "sensory memory (or sensory memories)".)

Then from TE, the signals are immediately sent to the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. The frontal lobe can hold the information for 20 seconds. In the frontal lobe, the pieces of information are examined and important pieces of information are chosen.
Prior to the examination and the choice, some meanings should be given to the pieces of information, since meanings of things are necessary for the examination and the choice. If the meaning of FAHRENHEIT is unknown, the brain (frontal lobe) can't evaluate the importance of FAHRENHEIT among pieces of information drifting in the frontal lobe at the same time. Then, prior to the examination and the choice, a piece of information (for example, "FAHRENHEIT") is linked to another piece of information (for example, "DEGREES") in the frontal lobe. Thus, a piece of information is linked to another piece of information, acquires a meaning and it becomes meaningful (semantic).

The important pieces of information are sent to the Hippocampi within 20 seconds. The Hippocampi can hold them for 1 month. The Hippocampi further examine and choose more important pieces of information. Prior to the examination and the choice in the Hippocampi, additional links to other pieces of information becoming meaningful would be practiced.
(The pieces of information in the frontal lobe and the Hippocampi are similarly a kind of memory, while they are called "working memory (or working memories)" since they are yet temporarily under examination.)

The more important pieces of information are sent to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. The meaningful pieces of information sent to temporal lobe are memorized for several years. They are called "semantic memory (or semantic memories)". Subsequently, relationships between semantic memories are linked and the memories become "semantic network".


2.5.6.2.2 Virtual Mechanism of Making Simple Memories

The mechanism of making simple memories would be virtually explained as follows.

In (1), it is assumed here that a postsynaptic neuron requires "3 signals" almost at the same time (from 3 axon terminals) to reach "threshold level" and send signals (Fire).
It is also assumed here that an area in the frontal lobe is responsible for signals representing 4 Points from TE area and the neurons of the area evenly continuously receive weak background signals (continuously 1 signal per 1 neuron).


In (2), white 4 Points are seen, 4 Points are recognized through Perception, 4 neurons in TE area send 2 signals respectively to the 4 neurons in the area of the frontal lobe.


In (3), the specific 4 neurons receive 3 signals. The 1st signal is the background signal. The 2nd and the 3rd signals are from TE neurons. Then the specific 4 neurons send signals (Fire) as in (4).


Then 4 Potentiated Synapses responding to signals from "4 Points'" TE neurons are created as in (5) and (6).



Apart from that, in (7), it is assumed here that an area in the frontal lobe is responsible for signals representing figure-4 from TE area and the neurons of the area similarly evenly continuously receive weak background signals. In (7), an image of white figure-4 is seen, the image of figure-4 is recognized through Perception, some neurons in TE area send 2 signals respectively to the corresponding neurons in the area of the frontal lobe. Receiving 3 signals, the corresponding specific neurons send signals (Fire) as in (7). Then Potentiated Synapses responding to signals from "figure-4" TE neurons are created as in (8).


2.5.6.2.3 Virtual Mechanism of Making Associative Memories and Semantic Memories

The mechanism of making Associative Memories and Semantic Memories would be virtually explained as follows. An Associative Memory here is a memory that contains close association with other memories. A Semantic Memory is a memory that contains close association with other memories of meanings. Then Semantic Memories are a kind of Associative Memories.

In (A), it is assumed here that 4 Potentiated Synapses responding to signals from "4 Points'" TE neurons are created in the left area in the frontal lobe and the right area in the frontal lobe is responsible for signals representing figure-4 from TE area like in (7), while any neurons of the right area is not potentiated. In addition, many axons from the neurons linked to the Potentiated Synapses reach the right area.


In (B), when white figure-4 is seen, TE neurons responding to figure-4 send signals to specific neurons like in (7).

Yet as in (C), the signals are insufficient to cause the next signals (Fire).

Subsequently as in (D), when 4 Points are seen just after figure-4 (almost at the same time), TE neurons responding to 4 Points send signals (Fire), the next signals are caused and sent to the right area.

Then as in (E) and (F), the specific neurons receive the 3rd signals and cause the next signals (Fire).

Next as in (G) and (H), Potentiated Synapses responding to signals from "4 Points" TE neurons are created.

Subsequently when 4 Points are seen as in (I) and the neurons of the right area similarly evenly continuously receive weak background signals, the specific neurons in the right area cause signals (Fire) corresponding to figure-4 as in (J) and (K).
This means that when firstly figure-4 is seen, secondly 4 Points are seen just after that, then associated memories are made. Subsequently when 4 Points are seen, the memory of figure-4 is recalled. Thus a memory link to other memories and other meanings. This would be an example of a Semantic Memory.


Furthermore introducing a complex example "Its property of NUMBER is 4" instead of "figure-4," seeing 4 Points would recall "Its property of NUMBER is 4" as in (L).

Otherwise introducing a complex example "Its property of SHAPE is POINT" instead of "figure-4" and 1 Point instead of 4 Points, seeing 1 Point would recall "Its property of SHAPE is POINT" as in (M). These would be variations of Semantic Memories.


2.5.6.2.4 Virtual Examples of Semantic Network

Integrating Semantic Memories, Memories are connected by relationship, Semantic Networks would be formed. Virtual examples would be as follows.

For example, as in "Semantic Network 1" below, when 1 Point is seen, it recalls "SHAPE is POINT." When figure-square is seen, it recalls "SHAPE is SQUARE." Similarly, when POINT and SQUARE are seen, it might recall "property is SHAPE." Furthermore, neurons might memorize the concepts of "NUMBER," "DEGREE," "IDENTICAL WITH," "SIMILAR TO," "FLYING," "MINUS," "GRAMMAR." These concepts would form networks through relationship in ordinary life without any deep consideration.
Aside from that, these concepts might be conveniently classified into some groups. A group might be "Images." Another group might be "Defined Property" such as SQUARE, LARGE, and NUMBER. These concepts are originally defined and the definitions are just taught. Another group might be "Defined Intellectual Procedure or Rule" such as MINUS, TIMES, and GRAMMAR. These concepts are also originally defined but they require thought to understand the meaning. The other group might be "Extractable Simple Relational Feature" such as "is PART OF," "is SIMILAR TO," and "is LARGER THAN." These concepts represent relations between multiple things. They also require thought to understand the meaning.



Other than that, as in "Semantic Network 2" below, neurons might memorize intricate concepts consisting of semantic elements. Here, semantic elements form a network and the network itself would be an intricate concept.
The networks (intricate concepts) might be conveniently classified into some groups.
A group would be "Superstitious Knowledge" such as "SUPERSTITION," "FOLK RELIGION," and "THEORY OF EVOLUTION." These can be obtained and memorized in ordinary life without any deep cosideration.



Another group might be "Non-Empirical Knowledge of Unusual Experience" such as "BLACK-BODY RADIATION," "DALTON'S LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS," and "STRUCTURE OF ENZYMES." These concepts would be obtained through knowledge from special experiences and relatively higher intelligence. These would not be obtained without higher intelligence.
Another group might be "Complex Relational Features, Laws and Theories Intelligible from Daily Experience" such as "PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM," "NEWTONIAN MECHANICS," and "FALSEHOOD OF APOLLO 11 ROCKET'S MOON LANDING." These concepts would be obtained through quite higher intelligence in ordinary life. Special experience is not required.
The other group might be "Complex Relational Features, Laws and Theories Intelligible from Unusual Experience" such as "HIGHER MATHEMATICS," "MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY," and "FALSEHOOD OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION." These concepts would be obtained through knowledge from special experiences and quite higher intelligence.






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