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2.5.7 Consciousness and the Core Mechanism of the Tree of Life

2.5.7.1 Overview

An outline of Consciousness including Thought and Decision is explained here.
In addition, the core mechanism of eternal life is explained.

2.5.7.2 Details

2.5.7.2.1 Consciousness

Consciousness would be functions in the brain that would range from recognizing some pieces of information about external and internal situation to evaluating, deciding the issues, and taking actions, while definition of consciousness is controversial. Consciousness receives perceptional information through perceptual systems, makes decisions through logical systems and memory systems, and sends out signals to move parts of the body such as eyeballs and hands through motor systems.
An instructive theory for the mechanism of consciousness is Global Neuronal Workspace Theory. According to the theory, a conceptual part of Cerebral Cortex around the frontal lobe is responsible for consciousness. It is called Global Neuronal Workspace. Global Neuronal Workspace would be part of Logical Systems.
The theory figuratively assumes a theater here. Some pieces of information in the theater are spotlighted. The spotlighted pieces of information consist of consciousness. (Spotlighted pieces of information could possibly be followed by specific signals representing spotlights.) As mentioned before, ② Short-Term Working Memories (20 seconds) are held around here. The spotlighted pieces of information are a kind of Short-Term Working Memories.




2.5.7.2.2 Decision-Making

Decision-Making and its process would be higher intelligent stages based on Consciousness.
Global Neuronal Workspace is connected with logical systems, perceptual systems, long-term semantic network systems, motor systems, and so on. The spotlighted pieces of information (consciousness) are promptly propagated to these systems.
Being supported by these properties of consciousness, Decision-Making would be the process choosing the seeming best plan based on evaluations of assumable plans, while evaluations are sometimes unclear.
An example would be as follows. On a narrow east-west road, an image to the east and an image to the west are percepted, enter Global Neuronal Workspace. Pieces of information about the images are spotlighted and propagated to Long-Term Semantic Memory Systems, pieces of information about a cat and a lion return, consciousness recognizes that a sleeping cat is to the east and a sleeping lion is to the west. Pieces of information about cats and lions are propagated to the Long-Term Semantic Memory Systems and pieces of information about the characteristics of cats and lions are transmitted to the Global Neuronal Workspace. The pieces of information are propagated to Logical Systems and the safeties are considered and evaluated. Based on the considerations and the evaluations, the consciousness decides to choose the plan going east and signals instructing to go east are sent to Motor Systems. Muscles move to go east. This is an easy Decision-Making.
However, if a sleeping bear is to the east, the comparison and the choice would be annoying because of uncertainty of the safety evaluations. Yet, one should choose the seeming best plan based on uncertain evaluations. This is an annoying Decision-Making.


2.5.7.2.3 Unknown Specific Mechanism of Consciousness

Specific mechanism of Consciousness is unclear, while Stages of Consciousness could be classified into Perception, Recognition, Consideration (Evaluation), Decision, and Motion-Instruction.
Mechanism of Recognition, Consideration, Decision, and Motion-Instruction would be rather imaginable, since these are all facets of logical phenomena. These would be all performed by Logical Systems of neurons partly supported by other systems.
In contrast, Mechanism of Perception is quite unclear. Consciousness percepts ● as blue and ● as green in the consciousness, though nothing would be blue nor green in the brain. Consciousness percepts flavor of an apple, though nothing like an apple is in the brain. Consciousness percepts an toothache, though nothing like teeth is in the brain. Consciouness percepts a pleasant feeling, though nothing emitting pleasure is in the brain.
A neuron is merely a cell. Then a neuron itself would neither feel green things nor suffer from an ache. Perception such as feeling green things and an ache is created by unknown mechanism associated with a huge number of neurons.

2.5.7.2.4 Hallucination

By the way, it should be noted that if signals in specific optic nerves are directly caused through some kind of devices outside (not by visual cells on the retina), the brain recognizes visual hallucinations. Similarly, auditory hallucinations can be recognized causing signals of specific auditory nerves through some kind of devices outside (not by auditory cells). In addition, controlling signals of specific neurons through some kind of devices outside, mind, thought, and emotion can be controlled.

2.5.7.2.5 Retention of Identical Consciousness through Non-Wired Transmission (Mind Transfer)

As far as eternal life, Yahweh tells that he experienced death.
"And when I saw Him, I fell at His feet as dead. But He laid His right hand on me, saying to me, 'Do not be afraid; I am the First and the Last. I am He who lives, and was dead, and behold, I am alive forevermore. Amen. And I have the keys of Hades and of Death'" (Rev 1:17-18 NKJV).
Similarly, it is said that humans on the Earth will be resurrected after death.

Then, a concern would be whether and how one's consciousness is retained through death and resurrection for eternal life. A possible method would be non-wired transmission of pieces of information in the brain, while telepathy would be a type of non-wired transmission.

Eternal consciousness for eternal life could be realized as follows.
(1) One of identical twins independently has consciousness. The other has defferent independent consciousness. The twins have 2 consciousness in total, since there is no transmission of information between their cerebrums.
(2) Yet, it should be noted that, in a sense, one human has 2 cerebrums. They are left (hemispherical) cerebrum and right (hemispherical) cerebrum. The left cerebrum and the right cerebrum are quite separated, barely connected with corpus callosum. For example, the image of right side is recognized by the left cerebrum and the image of left side is recognized by the right cerebrum. However, one human basically has one consciousness, because the left cerebrum and the right cerebrum are connected and information is transmitted between the 2 cerebrums. Then it should be noted that when information can be transmitted between 2 cerebrums, they form one consciousness. When an acute-angled corner of figure-4 is on the left and no acute-angled corner is on the right, 2 hemispherical cerebrums experience diffetent scenes from perception, the right cerebrum recognizes the acute-angled corner of figure-4 and the left cerebrum recognizes no acute-angled corner. In this case he/she has one consciousness, because information is transmitted between the right cerebrum and the left cerebrum through corpus callosum.

*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corpus_callosum.png


(3) As mentioned before, information signals of neurons can be expressed in the binary system. Then if information signals of neurons in the cerebrum can be wirelessly detected from outside the body, they can be expressed through the binary system. The detected binary signals of neurons can be sent to an intelligent machine like a computer. Furthermore, if binary signals of the intelligent machine can be transmitted wirelessly to neurons of the cerebrum from outside the body, the cerebrum and the intelligent machine form one consciousness. In reference to that, Rael tells that long hair works as an antenna of telepathy for the brain as in the case of Samson.

*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corpus_callosum.png

Other than that, if a cloned body (a cloned brain) or an appropriate body (an appropriate brain) is prepared and the intelligent machine is wirelessly connected with that, the original brain, the intelligent machine, and the cloned brain (second brain) form one consciousness.

In addition, if the original brain gets faint and terminated, the consciousness survives as the second brain and the intelligent machines. If the intelligent machines are weakened and terminated, the consciousness would survive as the second brain.
Thus, a consciousness can be transplanted to other brain. The film "Avatar" shows transplantation of consciousness from a human to a naive reptile-like extraterrestrial with long hair.
* "Avatar (2009 film) in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)



It would be called Mind Uploading, Mind Transfer, or Consciousness Transfer.
* "Mind Uploading in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading

It could be the core mechanism of the Tree of Life.

2.5.7.2.6 A Simple Realistic Way Wirelessly Detecting and Causing Signals in the Brain

2.5.7.2.6.1 Injection of Micro/Nano Devices to Cerebral Spinal Fluid System

A simple realistic way wirelessly detecting and causing electric signals on specific neurons in the Brain would be distributing "micro/nano (micro or nano) devices" into the brain. The major element of the micro/nano device would be a micro/nano chip with magnetism, an inner receiving antenna conductor, an outward transmitting antenna conductor, an outer receiving antenna conductor, an inward transmitting antenna conductor, an ectricity generating antenna conductor, and an electronic circuit semiconductor. A conductor is a type of materials through which electric current efficiently flows. A semiconductor is a type of materials through which electric current would flow or would not flow depending on the situation. Intricate electronic circuits are commonly semiconductors.
* "Electric Conductor in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor
* "Semiconductor in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor

An identification number is assigned to each nano/micro chip. The micro/nano chips would be mostly covered with biocompatible substances such as liposome. The micro/nano chips would partly have some ligands such as N-cadherin and cell-penetrating substances such as cell-penetrating peptides. Since the covering substances are thus organic substances mostly consisting of carbon atoms and oxygen atoms, it would be convenient to create components of the chips such as an antenna conductor and an electronic circuit semiconductor out of organic substances.
They are "micro/nano devices" called here.
(A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer. Liposomes are commonly used as a drug delivery vehicle. Cadherins (named for "calcium-dependent adhesion") are a type of cell adhesion molecule (CAM) that are important in the formation of adherens junctions to bind cells with each other. N-Cadherins (CDH2) stemming from neurons are responsible for binding neurons. Cell-penetrating peptides have high affinity to cell membranes.)




* "Liposome in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome


Some types of Cadherin stemming from a Cell
* "Cadherin in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin
* "CDH2 in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDH2
* "Cell-Penetrating Peptide in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-penetrating_peptide

The micro/nano devices would be injected to the region of cerebral spinal fluid, in which the brain and neurons are soaked.

The Drifting Region of the Cerebral Spinal Fluid (light blue) containing the Brain
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0216_CerebrospinalSystem.png

The micro/nano devices would be dispersed in the region of cerebral spinal fluid, attracted by synapses of neurons mostly in the brain, and would adhere on the surface of neurons near synapses like below.


Fig. (1) below shows a simplified diagram of a synapse in resting state (basic state) and the micro/nano device adhered on the surface of a postsynaptic neuron. The upper part of (1) shows 2 presynaptic neurons' axon terminals. The lower half of (1) shows part of a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite.
As far as positive ions, the inside of the neurons are mostly filled with Potassium ions (red-purple oval). Other major electrolytes (ions) are placed following the analyzed abundance. Outside of the neurons is mosty filled with Sodium ions (pink circle), while a small quantity of Potassium ions, Calcium ions, and Magnesium ions follow. The axon terminals of the postsynaptic neuron are to the right of the figure.


Because ions, which are electrically charged, are frequently moving around synapses and motion of ions causes magnetic flux (through magnetic action of electric current), the micro/nano devices with magnetism would be attracted by synapses.
In addition, because axons of neurons are basically covered with myelin sheaths, which prevent positive ions from leaking out from axons, positive ions less move around axons and magnetic flux is less created around axons.

Neuron's Deformed Diagram
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg
* "Myelin in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin

(When an electric charge moves, photons are emitted. They form magnetic flux. Rough measurement of the magnetic flux of neurons in the brain is Electroencephalogram.)
* "Electroencephalography in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography

2.5.7.2.6.2 Penetration of the Blood-Brain Barrier

When injection into cerebral spinal fluid system is inconvenient, the micro/nano devices could be reluctantly injected into extracellular fluid or blood through muscle, blood vessels, mouth, and digestive organs.
* "Extracellular Fluid in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_fluid
In this case, a difficulty for the distribution would be the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which basically forbids substances to enter the region of cerebral spinal fluid system to maintain accurate action of neurons. The micro/nano chips should be covered with specific substances such as cell-penetrating substances to enter the region of cerebral spinal fluid system through the BBB.
The BBB is virtually tubes consisting of vascular endothelial cells (blood vessels' inner cells) of brain capillaries. Vascular endothelial cells of brain capillaries are little-permeable tubes. (Ethanol and drugs cause incorrect action of neurons, because they can exceptionally enter the region of cerebral spinal fluid system through the BBB from brain capillaries.)


The Drifting Region of the Cerebral Spinal Fluid (light blue) containing the Brain
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0216_CerebrospinalSystem.png


Picture of Brain Capillaries
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10.1371_journal.pbio.0050169.g001-O.jpg


Illustration of Brain Capillaries
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_Brain_Barriere.jpg


Cross Section of a Brain Blood Vessel leading to a Capillary (Vascular Endothelial Cells: BBB: in light blue-green) and Cerebral Spinal Fluid (in purple)
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_vessels_brain_english.jpg
* "Blood-Brain Barrier in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood–brain_barrier

In this case, the micro/nano chips (devices) covered with cell-penetrating substances could enter the region of cerebral spinal fluid system through the BBB. However, the micro/nano devices covered with cell-penetrating substances could be inconveniently easy to move, it might be inefficient to deal with.

2.5.7.2.6.3 Performances of the Micro/Nano Devices

When electric signals are caused in the presynaptic neurons and the neural electric signals reach the axon terminals of the presynaptic neurons, the condition of the synapse changes. For example like in fig. (7) below, Glutamic Acids are released from an axon terminal, Glutamic Acids adhere to AMPA Receptor Ligand-Gated Sodium Channel, the channel opens, Sodium ions (positive ions) move to go through the channel. It means that positive ions approach the micro/nano device then go away from the micro/nano device creating magnetic flux.
In addition, as mentioned before, after a rise of intracellular Electric Potential Difference, Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels open and Potassium ions flow out. Then intracellular Electric Potential Difference falls, Potassium ions might also approach the micro/nano device and go away from the micro/nano device creating magnetic flux.

Generally, when electric current flows, concentric magnetic flux is created around the current. The direction of electric current is defined as the direction in which positive charges move, the opposite direction in which negative charges (such as electrons) move. The direction of magnetic flux (magnetic moment) is defined as the direction from the N magnetic pole of a magnet to the S magnetic pole of the magnet. (The North Pole of the Earth (the Arctic) is the S magnetic pole of the Earth.) (Electric current is commonly represented by "I". Magnetic flux is commonly represented by "B".
When electric current flows in the direction of the right thumbnail, the concentric magnetic flux is created in the direction of the 4 fingernails on the right hand.

Ampere's Right-Hand Grip Rule
* "Right-Hand Rule in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand_rule

When electric current flows to the left (positive charges flow to the left or negative charges such as electrons flow to the right), the direction of magnetic flux on the upper side of the current is going away. The direction of magnetic flux on the lower side of the current is getting closer. (The circle and X (woodscrew head sign) shows the direction going away. The circle and point (woodscrew point sign) shows the direction getting closer.)

On the other hand, when strength of magnetic flux penetrating a closed electronic circuit conductor fluctuates, electric potential difference (voltage) would be caused in the closed electronic circuit conductor and electric current flows (electrons move in the opposite direction) through the closed electronic circuit conductor to reduce the fluctuation of the strength of the magnetic flux penetrating the closed circuit conductor. It is called Electromagnetic Induction.

Fig. A above shows a closed electronic circuit conductor. Suddenly, magnetic flux getting closer penetrating the closed circuit conductor appeared from outside like in B. Then electric potential difference (voltage) is caused in the closed electronic circuit conductor and electric current flows clockwise (electrons move counterclockwise) through the closed electronic circuit conductor. It generates small magnetic flux going away penetrating the closed circuit conductor like in C. Consequently, magnetic flux penetrating the closed electronic circuit conductor is reduced like in D.
* "Electromagnetic Induction in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction

Below is an enlarged view of (7). As a positively charged Sodium ion (pink circle) (electric current) approaches the micro/nano device, magnetic flux getting closer is created on the lower side of the electric current. Part of the magnetic flux getting closer penetrates the Inner Receiving Antenna (closed circuit) conductor. Then electric potential difference (voltage) is caused in the Inner Receiving Antenna conductor and electric current flows clockwise (electrons move counterclockwise), electric current enters the electronic circuit semiconductor. Thus, neural electric signals are detected by the electronic circuit semiconductor of the micro/nano device. In addition, as mentioned above, Sodium ions (positive ions) go away from the micro/nano device, Potassium ions might approach the micro/nano device and go away from the micro/nano device. They might also be detected by the electronic circuit semiconductor of the micro/nano device.
On the other hand, Electricity Generation Antenna conductor would similarly create electric potential difference and supply the electronic circuit semiconductor with electricity.

After receiving the neural electric signals, the electronic circuit semiconductor would output electric signals. They contain identification number of the micro/nano device and some pieces of information about the detected neural electric signals. The electric signals' output would be changed into alternating electric current and sent to the Outward Transmitting Antenna conductor. Magnetic flux would be created around the Outward Transmitting Antenna conductor. (The direction of the magnetic flux in the surrounding area is opposite to the direction of the magnetic flux in the center of the closed circuit conductor, to be precise.) Alternating magnetic flux would be created around the Outward Transmitting Antenna conductor, it forms electromagnetic waves and they would be emitted. The emitted electromagnetic waves would be detected by antennas outside. Thus, signals (which contain identification number of the micro/nano device and information of the neural electric signals) can be wirelessly detected.
The structure of the network of neurons would be clarified through information processors.

* "Electromagnet in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet

In contrast, when signals of electromagnetic waves (which contain identification number of a specific micro/nano device and some instructions) are emitted from antennas outside, the Outer Receiving Antenna conductor of the micro/nano device would receive the electromagnetic waves, electric potential difference (voltage) is caused, electric current flows into the electronic circuit semiconductor, the electronic circuit semiconductor recognize micro/nano device identification number and the instructions.



When the instructions require to cause an electric signal in the neuron, electric current flows into the Inward Transmitting Antenna conductor, it creates magnetic flux around the antenna including inside of the neuron.

In reference to that, it should be learned that electromagnetic induction is caused not only in closed circuit conductors, but also in a plane conductor and a lump of conductor. In this case, electric eddy currents are created to reduce the fluctuation of the strength of the magnetic flux penetrating the conductor.

Electric Eddy Currents in a Plane Conductor and in a Lump of Conductor
* "Eddy Current in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current

Then, when strength of magnetic flux inside the neuron fluctuates, electric potential difference (voltage) is caused inside the neuron. Consequently, specific neural electric signals can be created wirelessly from outside.


When an enormous number of the nano devices are introduced into the human body, the nano devices would adhere almost all of neurons near synapses and almost all of information in the brain would be detected and caused from the outside, specific neurons can be controlled from the outside.
Thus, consciousness can be transferred to other brains, Mind Transfer leading to resurrection for eternal life can be performed.






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