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2.1.13 Dating

2.1.13.1 Rael's Claims

According to Rael, the Elohim first visited Earth 25,000 years ago and began genetic manipulation 22,000 years ago. Rael says that genetic manipulation by the Elohim may not have been the first instance of genetic manipulation on Earth.

2.1.13.2 Consideration for Dating

2.1.13.2.1 Possible Intervention

Traditional scientists on Earth claim that life appeared on Earth approximately 4 billion years ago. They base this claim primarily on age determination through radiometric dating.
If extraterrestrials have visited Earth, as UFO sightings suggest, they would have had sufficient time and resources to mislead humans regarding dating methods. It would be a simple task for them to alter the radioactive properties of substances on Earth in advance.
Evolutionists do not consider the possibility of extraterrestrial intervention, or they simply argue that such civilizations would be too far away.

2.1.13.2.2 Absolute Dating

For reference, the methods of absolute dating are as follows. Radioactive dating, particularly radiocarbon dating, is a typical method of absolute dating.
* "Radioactive Dating on Wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_dating
* "Radiometric Dating on Wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating
* Radiocarbon Dating on Wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating
A carbon atom has six protons, basically six electrons, and usually six neutrons. However, the number of neutrons can vary. Atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called "isotopes." There are normally three kinds of carbon isotopes in the environment of present-day Earth.
When the number of neutrons is six, the atomic mass is roughly 6 + 6 = 12, and it is called carbon-12. When the number of neutrons is seven, the atomic mass is roughly 6 + 7 = 13, and it is called carbon-13. When the number of neutrons is eight, the atomic mass is roughly 6 + 8 = 14, and it is called carbon-14. Their present-day abundance on Earth is as follows: Carbon-12: 98.93%, Carbon-13: 1.07%, and Carbon-14: 1/10,000,000,000% (= 1/1,000,000,000,000).
Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable isotopes that do not undergo radioactive decay. Carbon-14, on the other hand, is a radioactive isotope that undergoes radioactive decay spontaneously. The primary decay process of carbon-14 is beta decay (β decay), in which a neutron is converted into a proton while emitting an electron. This causes carbon-14 (which consists of six protons and eight neutrons) to transform into nitrogen (which consists of seven protons and seven neutrons).
However, beta decay of carbon-14 is a rare event. If there were two carbon-14 atoms, beta decay would occur once every 5,730 years. In other words, one of the two carbon-14 atoms would decay into nitrogen within 5,730 years. The "half-life" is the period of time required for half of a given substance to decay. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years.
Thus, carbon-14 gradually decreases due to its decay, while new carbon-14 is generated in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with nitrogen. High-energy neutrons from cosmic rays collide with nitrogen atoms in the upper atmosphere, converting protons into neutrons and forming carbon-14. This carbon-14 then diffuses throughout the Earth's environment. When the rate of carbon-14 decay and the rate of its production by cosmic rays reach equilibrium, the abundance of carbon-14 remains stable. Scientists assume that this equilibrium has been maintained on Earth over time. Living organisms absorb carbon from their environment, primarily through food or photosynthesis. As a result, the carbon-14 abundance in living organisms matches that of their surrounding environment during their lifetime. However, when an organism dies, carbon intake and circulation cease, and only the decay of carbon-14 continues in the remains. For example, if the carbon-14 abundance in a fossil is 1/8 of that in the present-day environment, the fossil is estimated to be 5,730 × 3 = 17,190 years old. (In reality, scientists make slight adjustments to the method to account for additional factors.)
However, this dating method does not consider the possibility of extraterrestrial intervention. If extraterrestrials had altered radioactive substances such as carbon-14, the dating results could be misleading.
Another common absolute dating method is potassium-argon dating, which follows a similar principle.
* "Potassium-Argon Dating on Wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating




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