Revealed Counsel 2.4.2

Disclaimer: This is Untrue.

2.4.2 Knights Templar and a Sect in Scotland

2.4.2.1 Overview

Unlike the well-known Templar theories mentioned above, the purported Descendants of the Templar Inner Circle offer a different perspective closely associated with Egyptian Mystery Schools. (However, as mentioned previously and will be discussed later, this view is based on Yahweh's false revelation for the intermediate scenario, and the Descendants' theories here, which lead to Freemasonry and J-Rods, are consequently incorrect.)

2.4.2.2 Details

2.4.2.2.1 Templar Inner Circle Descendants' Theory

2.4.2.2.1.1 Descendants' Claim Outline

Contrary to the traditional Knights Templar Holy Grail story and the Holy Blood Grail theory mentioned before, the purported descendants of the Knights Templar's Inner Circle claim a partially different context. They assert that the traditional Holy Grail theory is based on the confessions of Templars like Jacques de Molay made under torture. However, they claim that these confessions contained some lies, and that inconvenient issues were hidden by the Catholic Church, making the resultant theory somewhat incorrect.

In outline, the purported descendants agree on the holiness of the Ark of the Covenant, which was preserved in Solomon's Temple (but was later lost), and accept the narrative of Jesus and Mary Magdalene's children and their escape to Gaul (later France). However, these descendants partially deny the stories in the Old and New Testaments. They particularly disparage Jesus, claiming that he was merely Joseph's son, proficient in spiritual techniques, and not Yahweh's son. According to their claim, stories of Patriarchs such as Moses, David, and Solomon are fictions derived from Egyptian royal history and were allegedly fabricated in 325 CE by the Roman Emperor Constantine I and the Church of the Roman Empire. The purported descendants, however, suggest that some original stories of the Bible were written in Ancient Sumer. Additionally, they claim the Ark's relevance to multi-dimensions (like the Freemasonry Plus Ultra mentioned later).

Consequently, the Inner Circle Descendants' Theory may be more accurate than the Holy Grail Theory. However, it should be noted that, as discussed later in reference to Darwin and Plus Ultra—concerning the fabricated theory of Evolution, time travel, and multi-dimensions—Freemasonry was allegedly established to mislead humanity in the End Time. Regardless of the Inner Circle Descendants' Theory, Jesus is arguably Yahweh's son.

The true identity of these descendants is likely to be related to the Rosslyn Knights Templar, Rosslyn Freemasonry (discussed below), or the White Knights (as of 2020 CE). However, their claims are more in tune with the traditional mainstream ideology of Freemasonry. The traditional mainstream Freemasonry and the purported descendants of the Knights Templar's Inner Circle seem to share much of the same foundational thought. The thought which the descendants state is the following:

2.4.2.2.1.2 Egyptian Origin Claim

In the first place, five races were established on Earth, and each race was respectively given nine crystal skulls. One race, located near Sumer, consisted of eight tribes. The ancient Egyptians and Israelites were originally the same tribe among those eight. The nine crystal skulls held by these eight tribes formed "energetic connections." These nine crystal skulls (the energetic connections) consisted of one Amethyst Crystal Skull and eight clear Quartz Crystal Skulls. (Amethyst is a dark purple crystal.) These energetic connections (crystal skulls) linked to Sumer, sacred information, and the Ascension techniques of the white race. The eight tribes near Sumer eventually left the area, and each tribe carried one clear Quartz Crystal Skull. The Amethyst Crystal Skull remained in Sumer as the center of the nine skulls for the entire white race. Each tribe constructed a container to house the energetic connection (crystal skull). The container belonging to the "Egyptian-Israelite" tribe was the Ark of the Covenant. The large clear quartz crystal skull connects them with multi-dimensional energies from the third to the tenth dimension, which are available from the "Rose Quartz Crystal Skull of Humanity."

Some descendants of the Egyptian-Israelite tribe became ancient Egyptian Pharaohs. The stories of these Egyptian Pharaohs were diverted and used as the basis for the Biblical Patriarchs' stories. For instance, the story of Pharaoh Thutmose III (ruled 1479 - 1425 BCE), who enlarged Egypt and founded the ancient Egyptian Mystery School, was diverted into the Biblical stories of David and Solomon. Similarly, the story of Akhenaten (ruled ca. 1353 - 1336 BCE), who worshipped the "One God," was diverted into Moses' story. The account of Akhenaten's escape was diverted into Moses' Exodus. Since Akhenaten and his followers took Thutmose III's container, the Egyptian army attempted to chase them. These stories were allegedly fabricated in 325 CE by the Roman Emperor Constantine I and the Church of the Roman Empire.

★ "Moses and the Ark" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/moses_ark.htm
* "Moses and Monotheism on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism
* "Akhenaten on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten
* "Constantine the Great on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great

*According to accepted ancient Egyptian history, the prosperous periods were the Old Kingdom (2690 - 2190 BCE: 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th Dynasties), the Middle Kingdom (2040 - 1780 BCE: 11th and 12th Dynasties), and the New Kingdom (1550 - 1077 BCE: 18th, 19th, and 20th Dynasties).
The Old Kingdom prospered around Memphis, located 200 km from the Mediterranean Sea. Numerous pyramids were constructed around 2670 - 2390 BCE near Giza, close to Memphis. During this era, Osiris was also worshipped, with the center of his cult being Abydos, 600 km from the Mediterranean Sea.
The Middle Kingdom flourished around Thebes, 700 km from the Mediterranean Sea. It was centered on the worship of Amun in Thebes and began the construction of the Karnak Temple Complex there. Pyramids were also purportedly constructed around 1990 - 1810 BCE near Lisht, 250 km from the Mediterranean Sea.
The New Kingdom prospered around Thebes. It primarily worshipped Amun and completed the Karnak Temple Complex dedicated to Amun. Thutmose III (reign 1479 - 1425 BCE) of the 18th Dynasty was a prominent worshipper of Amun. However, Amenhotep IV's queen consort, Nefertiti (18th Dynasty), worshipped Aten. Amenhotep IV (originally named after Amun: Amenhotep) also worshipped Aten, establishing the capital at Amarna, 400 km from the Mediterranean Sea, around 1340 BCE. This shift resembled monotheism. He changed his name to Akhenaten (named after Aten) (reign ca. 1353 - 1336 BCE). However, the worship of Aten was not approved by the Egyptian priests. The next king, Tutankhamun (Akhenaten's son), was compelled to relocate the capital back to Thebes and resume the worship of Amun.

*As far as an outline of Egyptian Mythology is concerned, the Heliopolis myth is generally considered the primary creation myth among the varieties of Egyptian narratives. (Heliopolis is located near Giza and Cairo.) According to the Heliopolis myth, the first entity on Earth was the primordial sea, represented by the god Nu (or Nun). The sun and the creation god Atum were originally within this sea. Atum emerged by creating a primeval mound (the Benben stone), and the sun rose upon this Benben stone from the water. Thus, the solar aspect of Atum—the sun god Ra—appeared. The Phoenix bird Bennu also self-created in the sea, appeared, and activated the sun and Atum on the Benben stone. Therefore, Atum is often considered identical to Ra. Atum-Ra then gave birth to the air god Shu and the moisture goddess Tefnut. Shu and Tefnut, in turn, gave birth to the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut. Geb and Nut loved each other deeply but were separated (similar to the Genesis narrative). Ra ruled during the Golden Age, and everything was perfect. Ra wept tears which fell upon the Earth, and these tears grew into humans. Separately, the knowledge god Thoth self-created and appeared. Despite Geb and Nut's separation, Thoth mediated, and Geb and Nut gave birth to the afterlife god Osiris, the desert god Set, the marriage and rebirth goddess Isis, and the death goddess Nephthys. Atum-Ra, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nephthys comprise the Ennead (a group of nine gods and goddesses) of Heliopolis. Subsequently, humans became corrupt. Ra (Atum) grew angry and sent Sekhmet, a brutal lioness, to kill them. However, after a massacre and mediation by Osiris, Ra (Atum) decided to spare the remaining humans. In another episode, Isis cleverly handled a poisonous snake to harm Ra (Atum). Ra (Atum) suffered and relinquished his power to Thoth. Later, during the 11th Dynasty, the local god Amun (Amen) arose. Amun fused with Ra, becoming the sun god Amun-Ra (Amen-Ra). Amun-Ra was worshipped as the primary god under Egyptian polytheism, predominantly in and around Thebes during the New Kingdom.

*Attribution: https://www.atlist.com/showcase/world-map-with-no-labels

* "Benben on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benben

Benben
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramidion_of_the_Pyramid_of_Amenemhet_III_at_Dahshur.jpg

Bennu Bird
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bennu_bird.svg
* "Bennu on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennu

* "Akhenaten on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten

* Regarding the Ancient Egyptian Mystery Schools, they are believed to have involved spiritual teachings similar to those outlined on the following website.
* "Knights Templar Inner Circle 7-Days Seminars" http://en.chartressecrets.org/seminars/7_day.htm
* Alternatively, they could be spiritual teachings aimed at awakening and resurrection, led by Anubis, Osiris, and Isis. The authentic rituals may have been held in a pyramid, as depicted on the following website.
★ "Crystalinks Egyptian Initiation1" http://www.crystalinks.com/EgyptianInitiation1.html

2.4.2.2.1.3 Escape from Neo-Babylonian Retaliation

Subsequently, the theory claims the following:
The Neo-Babylonian ruler Nebuchadnezzar II began a three-month siege of Jerusalem in 598 BCE. The King of Judah at the time was Jehoiakim. Jehoiakim soon died, and his son Jeconiah succeeded the throne, but Nebuchadnezzar II conquered Jerusalem in 597 BCE. Jeconiah was deposed, and Zedekiah (Jehoiakim's brother; born ca. 620 BCE) was enthroned at the age of 21 by Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 BCE. Prominent citizens, including the prophet Ezekiel, were led to Babylon at that time, although Nebuchadnezzar II's rule over Jerusalem was supposedly not very strict.
However, Zedekiah subsequently revolted against Neo-Babylonia. Jerusalem was again besieged and fell in 587 BCE (historically 587 or 586 BCE), Solomon's Temple was destroyed, Zedekiah's children were mostly killed, and the Jewish people were led to Babylon for the third time in 587 BCE. Tamar Tephi was Zedekiah's daughter.
According to this theory, just before Nebuchadnezzar II's retaliation, Tamar Tephi and the prophet Jeremiah hid the Ark of the Covenant and all of the Stones of the Covenant except for one Stone. Tamar Tephi and the prophet Jeremiah took that one Stone and fled to Ireland. Tamar Tephi then married an Irish king. (It should be noted that the Book of Mormon states that Zedekiah's son, Mulek, similarly fled across the ocean and reached the American continents, supposedly led by Yahweh.)
★ "Three Tamars and Many Marys" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/tamars.htm
* "Jehoiakim on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiakim
* "Geni Tamar Queen of Ireland" http://www.geni.com/people/Tamar-Tephi-Queen-of-Ireland-Fictitious-Person/6000000000795327457

*Attribution: https://www.atlist.com/showcase/world-map-with-no-labels

* According to the Book of Mormon, the prophet Lehi of the Kingdom of Israel fled during the reign of Zedekiah, just before Nebuchadnezzar II's retaliation. He escaped with his family and colleagues, supposedly traveling to the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen). After crossing the desert eastward, Lehi's son, Nephi, was instructed by Yahweh to construct a ship. They then sailed eastward to the American continents, possibly reaching Central America, specifically present-day Honduras. Mulek similarly reached Central America, though the route he took is controversial.
Aside from these groups, the Jaredites (descendants of Jared) also reached the American continents with Yahweh's support just after the Tower of Babel (supposedly thousands of years BCE). These three groups are the only ones said to have reached the American continents from the Middle East.
Lehi's sons, Nephi and Laman, founded two conflicting nations: the Nephites and the Lamanites. The Nephites were generally characterized as righteous and white-skinned, while the Lamanites were generally depicted as wicked and dark-skinned. Subsequently, the Lamanites attacked the Nephites. The Nephites fled north and encountered another nation, Zarahemla, which was the nation of Mulek's descendants (Mulekites). The Nephites and Zarahemla then fused together. As for the Jaredites, their last survivor died shortly after the arrival of Lehi and Mulek's groups. (Consequently, the Nephites later became wicked and were mostly annihilated by the Lamanites around 385 CE near present-day New York. The last prophet of the Nephites was Moroni, and his father was the prophet Mormon. Additionally, a theory claims that Native North Americans descend from the Lamanites.)

*Attribution: https://www.atlist.com/showcase/world-map-with-no-labels

* "Mulek on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulek
* "Lehi (Book of Mormon Prophet) in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)
* "Nephi, Son of Lehi on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephi,_son_of_Lehi
* "Jaredites on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaredites
* "Geography of Jaredites" http://www.bmaf.org/articles/geography_of_jaredites__andersen

Possible Site of the Land of Zalahemla and Nephi
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_of_Mormon_Lands_and_Sites2.jpg

* According to the Bible, the construction of the Ark of the Covenant was instructed to Moses by Yahweh (Exodus 25), and Moses' artisans subsequently constructed it. Solomon created the First Temple (Solomon's Temple) and initially placed the Ark there. The Ark was subsequently moved, supposedly to Mount Zion by Solomon. However, King Josiah (641 - 609 BCE) is later documented as having instructed the Levites to return the Ark to Solomon's Temple.

*"Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: 'Speak to the children of Israel, that they bring Me an offering. From everyone who gives it willingly with his heart you shall take My offering. And this is the offering which you shall take from them: gold, silver, and bronze; blue, purple, and scarlet thread, fine linen, and goats’ hair; ram skins dyed red, badger skins, and acacia wood; oil for the light, and spices for the anointing oil and for the sweet incense; onyx stones, and stones to be set in the ephod and in the breastplate. And let them make Me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them. According to all that I show you, that is, the pattern of the tabernacle and the pattern of all its furnishings, just so you shall make it.
And they shall make an ark of acacia wood; two and a half cubits shall be its length, a cubit and a half its width, and a cubit and a half its height. And you shall overlay it with pure gold, inside and out you shall overlay it, and shall make on it a molding of gold all around. You shall cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in its four corners; two rings shall be on one side, and two rings on the other side. And you shall make poles of acacia wood, and overlay them with gold. You shall put the poles into the rings on the sides of the ark, that the ark may be carried by them. The poles shall be in the rings of the ark; they shall not be taken from it. And you shall put into the ark the Testimony which I will give you.
You shall make a mercy seat of pure gold; two and a half cubits shall be its length and a cubit and a half its width. And you shall make two cherubim of gold; of hammered work you shall make them at the two ends of the mercy seat. Make one cherub at one end, and the other cherub at the other end; you shall make the cherubim at the two ends of it of one piece with the mercy seat. And the cherubim shall stretch out their wings above, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and they shall face one another; the faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat. You shall put the mercy seat on top of the ark, and in the ark you shall put the Testimony that I will give you. And there I will meet with you, and I will speak with you from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim which are on the ark of the Testimony, about everything which I will give you in commandment to the children of Israel'" (Exo 25:1-22).

*"Now Solomon assembled the elders of Israel and all the heads of the tribes, the chief fathers of the children of Israel, to King Solomon in Jerusalem, that they might bring up the ark of the covenant of the Lord from the City of David, which is Zion. Therefore all the men of Israel assembled with King Solomon at the feast in the month of Ethanim, which is the seventh month. So all the elders of Israel came, and the priests took up the ark. Then they brought up the ark of the Lord, the tabernacle of meeting, and all the holy furnishings that were in the tabernacle. The priests and the Levites brought them up. Also King Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel who were assembled with him, were with him before the ark, sacrificing sheep and oxen that could not be counted or numbered for multitude. Then the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the Lord to its place, into the inner sanctuary of the temple, to the Most Holy Place, under the wings of the cherubim. For the cherubim spread their two wings over the place of the ark, and the cherubim overshadowed the ark and its poles. The poles extended so that the ends of the poles could be seen from the holy place, in front of the inner sanctuary; but they could not be seen from outside. And they are there to this day. Nothing was in the ark except the two tablets of stone which Moses put there at Horeb, when the Lord made a covenant with the children of Israel, when they came out of the land of Egypt" (1Ki 8:1-9).

*"Now Solomon brought the daughter of Pharaoh up from the City of David to the house he had built for her, for he said, 'My wife shall not dwell in the house of David king of Israel, because the places to which the ark of the Lord has come are holy'" (2Ch 8:11).

*"Now Josiah kept a Passover to the Lord in Jerusalem, and they slaughtered the Passover lambs on the fourteenth day of the first month. And he set the priests in their duties and encouraged them for the service of the house of the Lord. Then he said to the Levites who taught all Israel, who were holy to the Lord: 'Put the holy ark in the house which Solomon the son of David, king of Israel, built. It shall no longer be a burden on your shoulders. Now serve the Lord your God and His people Israel'" (2Ch 35:1-3).

* "Ark of the Covenant on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant

*Regarding the stone that Tamar Tephi took out, the purported descendants make the following claim: While 1 Kings (1Ki) states that the Ark of the Covenant exclusively contained two tablets of stone, the descendants claim that "all of the Stones of the Covenant but one" were hidden. Since "one of the two stones" would not typically be referred to as "one of all stones," this phrasing suggests there must have been many Stones of the Covenant. Therefore, the many stones, aside from the two tablets, could potentially be Elijah's twelve stones.
* "Twelve Stones on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Stones

The descendants of Tamar Tephi reportedly migrated to Scotland and intermarried with the Picts. The Picts, in turn, are purportedly descended from the "Blue Race," said to have originated in the Raja Pura Valley in Kashmir, northern India, and migrated from India to Scotland. Consequently, the bloodline of Tamar Tephi and the Blue Race survived in Scotland, holding the holy stone.
* "Picts on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts
* "The Blue People" http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vida_alien/alien_watchers05.htm
★ "Origins of Our Color" http://spiritualnetworks.com/blog/99058/origins-of-our-colour/

*Attribution: https://www.atlist.com/showcase/world-map-with-no-labels

2.4.2.2.1.4 Jesus' enlightenment and Mary's Escape

Subsequently, the other Tamar bloodline arrived in Scotland from Gaul (later France). This Tamar bloodline in Gaul originated with the Virgin Mary. According to the theory, the Virgin Mary was also called "Mary Tamar." The Essene followers Virgin Mary Tamar and Joseph married and gave birth to Joseph's son, Jesus. The Essenes themselves were remnants of the Ancient Egyptian Mystery School founded by Thutmose III. Jesus practiced the spiritual techniques of the Mystery School, and he also visited the Druid (Celtic) Mystery School in Glastonbury (famous for Glastonbury Tor) in extreme southwestern England. This journey was led by the Virgin Mary's uncle, the tin-merchant Joseph of Arimathea. Jesus, after touching the holy stone, was enlightened. Jesus, after touching the holy stone, was enlightened. It can be hypothesized that this was due to his status as a descendant of Thutmose III (via the Essenes) and the compatibility of his genetic information with the holy stone, which had been transported alongside a container commissioned by Thutmose III.
Jesus married Mary Magdalene, who gave birth to his two sons and one daughter. The daughter was named Tamar. Jesus was accused, but the theory asserts that he did not die through crucifixion.
Mary Tamar (Jesus' mother), Mary Magdalene, and Tamar (Jesus' daughter) all fled to Gaul (later France). The bloodline of Tamar subsequently survived in Gaul, and part of that bloodline later entered Scotland.
★ "Three Tamars and Many Marys" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/tamars.htm

Glastonbury Tor
*Attribution: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Torre_de_Glastonbury.JPG
* "Glastonbury Tor on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor

* According to the accepted theory, the Essenes were one of the three major religious sects in Judea at the time, alongside the Sadducees and the Pharisees. In contrast to the other two sects, the Essenes practiced a strict communal life. Their settlements were located in various locations around the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, with their primary base believed to be Wadi Qumran, adjacent to the northern shore of the Dead Sea. The parents of John the Baptist resided in Judea (a region northwest of the Dead Sea), and Mary (mother of Jesus) was a relative of John's mother. The ancestry of Joseph and Mary originated in Bethlehem.
Interestingly, unlike the Sadducees and the Pharisees, the New Testament does not explicitly refer to the Essenes. It is therefore presumed that John the Baptist, Jesus, and his followers held beliefs and practices similar to those of the Essenes.

* "Essenes on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes

*Attribution: https://www.atlist.com/showcase/world-map-with-no-labels

2.4.2.2.1.5 False Revelation in Scotland

Eventually, a Scottish boy, possessing both the Tamar Tephi and Mary Tamar bloodlines, was born. His parents held the holy stone in Scotland. The boy happened upon the holy stone, touched it, and was subsequently enlightened. Important knowledge, including the location of the Ark of the Covenant, was allegedly downloaded to his brain.
★ "Secret Beginnings of the Knights Templar" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/templar_beginnings.htm
The young Scottish boy visited his cousin Bernard in the Kingdom of France. The Tamar's descendants in the Kingdom of France learned the location of the Ark, and the Knights Templar was subsequently formed there in 1114 CE. Hugues de Payens joined the Order, and the plan to recover the Ark and bring it from Jerusalem to France was created in a Cistercian monastery. The recovery project officially started in 1118 CE in Jerusalem. The Inner Circle members excavated sites in Jerusalem and elsewhere in the Middle East, where they allegedly found the Ark and other important documents. After the documents were translated, the Ark of the Covenant was transferred from Jerusalem to the Kingdom of France in 1128 CE.
★ "Inner Circle Recovers the Ark of the Covenant" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/templar_ark.htm
★ "Templar Presents Jesus' Truths" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/templar_present_truth.htm
In 1128 CE (or 1129 CE), they conducted a presentation at the Council of Troyes to influential figures in Europe, detailing their discovery and the truths about Jesus that were extracted from it. The presentation proved extremely convincing. They demanded that individuals join the Knights Templar and provide large donations to receive benefits from the discovery. Consequently, they acquired huge amounts of wealth and high status. Many influential figures joined the Knights Templar, and the Catholic Church formally authorized them.
In 1146 CE, the Knights Templar were granted the Sumerian "Mark of Cain" by Pope Eugene III as a symbol for their knightly order. They claim that the equal-armed Red Cross of the Knights Templar is not the traditional Christian cross that represents the crucifixion of Jesus.
The biblical story of Cain was originally written in Ancient Sumer. They claim it is not a historical fact, but merely an allegory illustrating the concept of the "spiritual path," which is represented by the equal-armed Red Cross. The equal-armed Red Cross of the Knights Templar is thus the Mark of Cain, allegorically described in Ancient Sumerian texts and subsequently incorporated into the Bible. According to their theory, consciousness, spirit, and soul are a lump of information that can be embodied in electromagnetic energy. This energy is said to hover around the upper part of the chest, known as the "Higher Heart Center." Meanwhile, the forehead is directly connected to the pineal gland, the Third Eye, or the "Gateway to the Soul." They interpret the sign of the cross as a procedure to raise the electromagnetic energy of consciousness, spirit, and soul.
1 The first motion involves touching the forehead with one's (right) hand or placing water on the forehead. This action awakens the pineal gland.
2 The subsequent motions involve touching the lower chest or stomach and then both shoulders. These motions connect the pineal gland (brain) with the electromagnetic energy hovering around the upper part of the chest, which represents consciousness, spirit, and soul.
3 Touching both shoulders signifies their full activation. Thus, the equal-armed Red Cross visually represents these motions.
In Ancient Sumer, those who adopted the allegorical "Mark of Cain" supposedly demonstrated their spiritual technique through the Sign of the Cross, indicating that they were protected by the "Lord" from the wrath of "Jehovah" via the Mark of Cain. (The sign of the cross—the equal-armed Red Cross of the Knights Templar and the Sumerian Mark of Cain—might enable communication with others, including the Lord, according to the fabricated Masonic story.) Furthermore, as previously mentioned, the purported descendants of the Knights Templar claim that the original text for the Bible was written in Ancient Sumer.

the Sign of the Cross
* "Sign of the Cross on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross

One of the Reported Flags (Featuring the Equal-Armed Red Cross) of the Knights Templar
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandeira_Templária.svg

* The traditional biblical story of Cain recounts the following: Cain was the firstborn son of Adam and Eve, and Abel was his younger brother. Cain murdered Abel out of jealousy. YHWH (or Jehovah) subsequently cursed Cain by condemning him to a life of wandering. However, YHWH also set a mark (sign: $\text{אוֹת}$, 'ot) on Cain so that no one who found him would be permitted to kill him. (The exact nature or identity of the Mark of Cain is unknown or unidentified, according to traditional Christian interpretation.) Cain then settled in the land of Nod, to the east of Eden. His family tree is outlined as follows: Jabal was the ancestor of those who dwell in tents and keep livestock. Jubal was the ancestor of all those who play the harp and flute. Tubal-Cain was an instructor of every craftsman in bronze and iron. The circumstances of their later descendants are generally unknown.

Family Tree of Cain

* "Cain on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain

* As mentioned above, the purported descendants of the Knights Templar claim descent from Mary Magdalene. This claim might be considered quite convincing because it seemingly enhances the completeness of Yahweh's overall scenario (or divine plan). However, the descendants' theory regarding the emergence of the Mark of Cain seems incongruous (or strange/weird). The inclusion of the Mark of Cain, which they adopt, could potentially suggest a separate bloodline originating from Cain.

★ "The Ancient Symbol of the Red Cross" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/red_cross.htm

Gothic architecture originated in the Kingdom of France around 1150 CE. It is claimed that Saint Bernard promoted the construction of the French Gothic Chartres Cathedral, which purportedly incorporated the Gematria of Kabbalah, also in France.
(The Kabbalistic text, the Bahir, was published in Southern France in 1174 CE.) Thus, Gothic architecture (supposedly utilizing Gematria) quickly flourished.
Specifically, the Knights Templar allegedly obtained Gematria knowledge in Jerusalem. This knowledge involves converting the words of the Bible or other possible holy books into numerical values. French Gothic architecture was then designed based on these numerical values derived from the sacred texts.
* "Bahir on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahir
* "Chartres Cathedral on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral
* "Gematria on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gematria
* "Gothic Architecture on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture

2.4.2.2.1.6 Rise of Kabbalah

2.4.2.2.1.6.1 Historical Background and Foundations of Kabbalah

In reference to Gematria, which started to be used in French Gothic Architecture as early as 1150 CE, the history of Hebrew Gematria and Kabbalah must be addressed.
Hebrew Gematria is an interpretive method that assigns numerical values to the 22 Hebrew letters. Specifically, the values are as follows: $\text{א}$ (Alef)=1, $\text{ב}$ (Bet)=2, $\text{ג}$ (Gimel)=3, $\text{ד}$ (Dalet)=4, $\text{ה}$ (He)=5, $\text{ו}$ (Vav)=6, $\text{ז}$ (Zayin)=7, $\text{ח}$ (Het)=8, $\text{ט}$ (Tet)=9, $\text{י}$ (Yod)=10, $\text{כ}$ (Kaf)=20, $\text{ל}$ (Lamed)=30, $\text{מ}$ (Mem)=40, $\text{נ}$ (Nun)=50, $\text{ס}$ (Samekh)=60, $\text{ע}$ (Ayin)=70, $\text{פ}$ (Pe)=80, $\text{צ}$ (Tsadi)=90, $\text{ק}$ (Qof)=100, $\text{ר}$ (Resh)=200, $\text{ש}$ (Shin)=300, and $\text{ת}$ (Tav)=400. The numerical value of a word is typically calculated by totalizing the values of its letters. For example, $\text{יהוה}$ (YHWH) equals $10 + 5 + 6 + 5 = 26$. The concept of Hebrew Gematria was purportedly seen as early as 200 CE, though it remained dormant for a long period.
Kabbalah is an aggregate of esoteric (hidden) knowledge derived from interpreting the Bible, particularly the Pentateuch (the Five Books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy).
* "Kabbalah on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah

The assumptions and theories that form Kabbalah are believed to be obtained through various means, including oral transmission, meditation, contemplation, and receiving divine messages. Thinkers, known as Kabbalists, respectively advocate for the assumptions and theories they believe to be true. The most influential of these are eventually accepted as part of the corpus of Kabbalah.

According to the traditional history of Kabbalah, one of the two major foundational texts is the Sefer Yetzirah (Book of Creation), which is believed to have been written around 200 CE. The Sefer Yetzirah primarily and figuratively offers interpretations of the 10 Sephirot and the 22 Hebrew letters. The term Sephirot itself was introduced for the first time in the Sefer Yetzirah.
The 10 Sephirot represent specific ideas:
1: Keter: "Crown,"
2: Chokhmah: "Wisdom,"
3: Binah: "Understanding,"
4: Chesed: "Kindness,"
5: Gevurah: "Severity,"
6: Tiferet: "Beauty,"
7: Netzach: "Eternity,"
8: Hod: "Splendor,"
9: Yesod: "Foundation,"
10: Malkuth: "Kingship."
Regarding the Hebrew alphabet, as mentioned before, the letters have original meanings—such as א=Alef="ox head" or "strength" and ב=Bet="tent," "house," or "inside." The Sefer Yetzirah provides additional, esoteric meanings, such as א=Alef="air" and ב=Bet="wisdom."
* "Sefer Yetzirah on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah
* "Sacred Texts Sefer Yetzirah" http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/yetzirah.htm
* "Sefer Yetzirah pdf Download" http://www.hermetics.org/pdf/Sefer_Yetzirah_Kaplan.pdf
* "Sephirot on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephirot
* "The Ancient Hebrew Alphabet Aleph" http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/alphabet_letters_aleph.html

The Bahir was published in Provence, Southern France, in 1174 CE. The Bahir refers to the Sefer Yetzirah, and its contents are, in a sense, similar to those of the Sefer Yetzirah. (The core text of the Sefer Yetzirah is traditionally dated as early as the 3rd to 6th century CE.) The systematic study and widespread circulation of the Sefer Yetzirah, however, flourished in Southern France, particularly around 1210 CE in Narbonne, following its reintroduction by scholars.

2.4.2.2.1.6.2 Analytical Framework of Kabbalah's Development

2.4.2.2.1.6.2.1 Historical Development and Core Doctrine

The development of Kabbalah as a body of knowledge can be analyzed through two main components: its Historical Development (through key figures and foundational texts) and its Core Doctrine (the structural framework).

2.4.2.2.1.6.2.2 Historical Development (Texts and Interpretation)

The historical progression that established Kabbalah's principles includes:
(1) Isaac the Blind
Around the same time with the Sefer Yetzirah, the French rabbi Isaac the Blind (1160–1235 CE) in Provence began explaining the Sefer Yetzirah. According to Isaac the Blind, the sacred words originated from God; these words were crystallized, and that process constituted the Creation.
(2) Abraham Abulafia
Meanwhile, Eleazar compiled Gematria around 1200 CE in Worms (within the Holy Roman Empire). Subsequently, Notarikon also arose in the Holy Roman Empire (present-day Germany as of 2020 CE). Contrary to Isaac the Blind's more restrictive teachings, Abraham Abulafia in Barcelona claimed in 1270 CE that Gematria, Notarikon, and Temurah were the basic methods necessary to find the hidden meaning (Kabbalah) within the Bible.
(3) The Definitive Text: The Zohar
The second of the two major Kabbalistic texts, the Zohar (a commentary on the Pentateuch), appeared in Girona around 1280 CE. The Zohar essentially established the foundational principles of Kabbalah, providing a detailed theological and mythological framework for the esoteric tradition.

2.4.2.2.1.6.2.3 Core Doctrine (The Sephirot and Tree of Life)

The basic outline of Kabbalah (the hidden meaning of the Bible) involves the placement of 10 Sephirot. The system dictates that two of the Sephirot are connected by a Hebrew letter, and thus 22 Hebrew letters connect the 10 Sephirot. This structure was later diagrammed and compared to a tree or the Tree of Life. This framework is understood as the basic structure of the physical world as it emanates from the Divine. The original meaning of the term Sephirot is likely "counting" or "numbers," underscoring Kabbalah's close association with numerology.

*The connection of Kabbalah, including the concepts of the Sephirot and Gematria (numerology), with the Knights Templar—an order that supposedly received a false revelation—might seemingly suggest the inherent falsehood of Kabbalah and Gematria. However, as previously mentioned, the argument put forth is that Yahweh affirmed Kabbalah's legitimacy and its status as the closest form of knowledge to the ultimate truth. Therefore, Kabbalah and Gematria (numerology) should not be dismissed solely on the grounds of their association with the Knights Templar's activities.

*Attribution: https://www.atlist.com/showcase/world-map-with-no-labels

2.4.2.2.1.7 Subsequent Events

People began to contribute wealth to the Knights Templar instead of the Catholic Church.

Around this time, a rumor arose concerning the Cathars in Southern France. According to the rumor, the Cathars possessed the Ark of the Covenant and the holy Stone. Furthermore, it was claimed that by living a sacred life, the Cathars were gaining access to truth and spiritual power, which would ultimately lead to the dissolution of the Catholic Church.
Consequently, Pope Innocent III launched the Albigensian Crusades in 1209 CE to attack the Cathars in Southern France, allegedly attempting to seize the Ark and the Stones. However, since the Church failed to recover the Ark and the Stones, the Catholic Church subsequently established the Inquisition in 1233 CE, aiming both to annihilate heretics and to continue the effort to obtain the Ark.
Meanwhile, a conflict between England and Scotland escalated in 1296 CE, ostensibly over Scottish Independence but allegedly also aimed at capturing the Ark of the Covenant. On the continent, King Philip IV of France, who was heavily in debt, joined the plan to seize the Templar assets. Prominent Knights Templar were arrested and tortured starting in 1307 CE. Some knights were eventually executed in Paris in 1314 CE. However, the theory claims that the Ark of the Covenant had already been moved to Scotland by the Knights Templar, and thus the Church failed to find it. The remaining knights fled and survived, in some cases by disguising themselves as ordinary Christians.

Regarding Scotland, England launched a major attack. An overwhelming English army, consisting of over 100,000 soldiers, advanced toward Bannockburn in 1314 CE. Yet, the battle was allegedly turned by the appearance of 700 Scottish "Blue Knights." As battle conchs sounded, the Ark of the Covenant supposedly emitted spiritual power, leading the Scottish Blue Knights to win the battle due to the Ark's influence. The "Blue Knights" may have been Picts, possibly having painted themselves blue, or they may have genuinely descended from the Blue Race originating from the Raja Pura Valley in Kashmir, North India (as previously claimed).
However, the Ark of the Covenant was purportedly dismantled after the battle. The Ark's spiritual power was extinguished, and a secret church integrated with the Ark's remains was constructed in its place.
* "Roman Empire's Church Strikes Back" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/inquisitions.htm
* "Battle of Bannockburn on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn
★ "The Fabled Battle of Bannockburn" http://en.chartressecrets.org/templars/bannockburn.htm

★ "Chatres Secrets" http://en.chartressecrets.org/

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Poland resisted the Mongol invasion and survived, maintaining its alliance with Lithuania.
Meanwhile, Jews in Western Europe and Germany continued to face persecution. In present-day Germany, they were allegedly accused of collaborating with the Mongol invasion around 1240 CE.
In England, King Edward I expelled all Jews (approximately 16,000 people) in 1290 CE. During the Black Death (1348 - 1350 CE), Jewish people across Western Europe were widely accused of causing the plague. In 1394 CE, Charles VI of France (from the Valois dynasty), during the era of the Hundred Years' War and the Black Death, expelled Jewish people from his territories, reportedly to eliminate Christian debts.
A considerable number of these Jewish people may have migrated to Poland during this time.
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2.4.2.2.2 Rosslyn Chapel (Rosslyn Knights Templar)

Rosslyn Chapel is a private Gothic chapel located in Roslin, Scotland, purportedly built around 1446 CE by William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness, or by the Knights Templar. It is geographically situated due north of Glastonbury.
William Sinclair's family were descendants of the Vikings who ruled the Orkney Islands for generations, and William Sinclair himself is claimed to have been of Templar descent. The chapel contains unique carvings that appear to depict corn or maize, a Native American crop that was not widely known in Europe at the time of the chapel's construction.
The meridian passing directly through Glastonbury and Roslin is purportedly known as the "Rose Line," and the town of Roslin is allegedly named after this line. (The original Rose Line may pass through Rennes-les-Bains near Montsegur and Paris.) The rose in this context is claimed to symbolize Mary Magdalene, and the Rose Line is said to represent her bloodline.
As will be mentioned later, Pyramids and Egyptian Mystery Schools placed great emphasis on the meridian accurately connecting north and south. (Rosslyn Chapel is also argued to be an imitation of Solomon's Temple, the site where the Ark of the Covenant was originally placed.)

The Knights Templar in Scotland appear to have been protected by the Sinclair family. Subsequently, this group operated differently from both the main Knights Templar organization and the emerging Freemasons. From this point forward, this distinct group will be referred to as the Rosslyn Knights Templar, Rosslyn Freemasonry, or Scottish Freemasonry.
(It is speculated that Rosslyn Chapel may be an imitation of Solomon's Temple, which itself may have originated with the Druze.)

Rosslyn Chapel
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosslyn_Chapel.jpg

Carvings seemingly of Corn or Maize
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_corn_rosslyn.jpg

Apprentice Pillar
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roslyn_Chapel,_Dalkeith.jpg

* "Rosslyn Chapel on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn_Chapel
* "The Apprentice Pillar" http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/rosslyn.html
* "Rose Line on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Line
* "Rennes-les-Bains on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes-les-Bains
* "Orkney on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney

2.4.2.2.3 The Gutenberg Bible and the Printing Press (1455 CE)

Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz in the Holy Roman Empire (present-day in Germany as of 2020 CE) invented the printing press around 1445 CE. He subsequently began printing large volumes of text, notably the Gutenberg Bible, based on the Latin Vulgate, starting around 1455 CE.
While letterpress printing had been used in China in ancient times, the vast number of Chinese characters required a correspondingly large inventory of individual movable type pieces. This complexity made mass printing difficult. In contrast, the Latin alphabet required far fewer unique type characters, making it possible to produce and circulate large amounts of information efficiently.
Gutenberg's relatively simple letterpress printing technology might be credited with expanding human intelligence and accessibility to knowledge by a factor of approximately 100,000 times.

Gutenberg Bible

* "Gutenberg Bible in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible

2.4.2.2.4 Columbus' Contact with the Knights of Christ (1479 CE)

Christopher Columbus, an apprentice supposedly from Genoa (present-day Italy as of 2020 CE) who was working in trade, arrived in the Kingdom of Portugal and married the Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo in 1479 CE. This marriage connected Columbus to the Knights of Christ, the Portuguese successor order to the Knights Templar. Filipa's maternal grandfather, Gil Moniz, was a Knight of Christ, and her father, Bartolomeu Perestrello, was an explorer associated with the Order. It is speculated that Columbus may have received a map of a new continent to the west from Filipa's father, which provided the knowledge for his subsequent voyages.
* "Filipa Moniz Perestrelo in Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipa_Moniz_Perestrelo

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2.3.4.13 Expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula and the Age of Discovery

The Iberian Peninsula was ruled by Islamic powers, and this period was generally peaceful from the Jewish perspective. However, as the Christian kingdoms gradually reconquered the region (the Reconquista), the situation changed. Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married, uniting their kingdoms to form the Kingdom of Spain. They began expelling Jewish people and Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula through actions such as the Spanish Inquisition (starting in 1480 CE) and the Alhambra Decree (1492 CE). As a result, approximately 300,000 Jewish people fled to various regions, including North Africa, Asia Minor, the Balkans, Italy, London, and especially Amsterdam.
Around the same time, the explorer Christopher Columbus—who is believed to have come from Genoa, in present-day Italy—convinced Queen Isabella I to support his voyage westward in search of a sea route to East Asia and India. These regions were economically promising, but the overland routes had been hindered by the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. In 1492 CE, Columbus reached the New World aboard the Santa María, a ship bearing red crosses. The ethnic background of Columbus remains a topic of debate; some theories suggest he may have had Jewish ancestry.

Model of Santa Maria
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(Puerto_Rico)_-_IMG_0207.JPG
* "Origin Theories of Christopher Columbus on Wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_theories_of_Christopher_Columbus
Genoa was home to a significant Jewish population. Additionally, Luis de Santángel, Chancellor of the Royal Household, Gabriel Sánchez, the Treasurer of Aragon, and Juan Cabrero, Sánchez’s assistant, advised Queen Isabella I to support Columbus. They were all of Jewish origin. Luis de Torres, an interpreter; Mastre Bernal, a physician; Marco, a surgeon; Alfonso de la Calle; and Rodrigo Sánchez accompanied Columbus on his voyage. They were also of Jewish origin.
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2.4.2.2.5 Spanish-Portuguese Expeditions and the Division of the World

The European colonization of the American continent officially began in 1492 CE. This era of global expansion led to a direct conflict between the two great maritime powers, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdoms of Spain (kingdoms of Castile and Aragon), necessitating intervention by the Papacy to divide the newly discovered lands.

Prior to Columbus's voyage, the division of territories was established by the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479), which was confirmed by the Papal bull Aeterni regis in 1481 CE. This agreement stipulated that Castile (present-day Spain as of 2020 CE) possessed the Canary Islands (northwest of Africa). All new lands discovered in the area further south of the Canary Islands along (and to the west of) the African coast belonged to Portugal. (As a result, Spain (the Crown of Castile) was compelled to finance Columbus's plan to explore westward to find new territories.)
Following Columbus's first voyage, Pope Alexander VI (a native of Spain) issued the bull Inter Caetera in 1493 CE. This declaration drastically altered the global division: It granted Spain possession of all lands west and south of a pole-to-pole line. This line was set 100 leagues (approximately 420 km) to the west of the Azores or Cape Verde Islands (located adjacent to the west of Portugal/West Africa). The Inter Caetera bull essentially admitted Spanish possession of the entire American continent in exchange for the commitment to perform missionary work in those lands.
The Portuguese King John II, dissatisfied with the initial line, successfully negotiated with Spain to move the demarcation line further west. Consequently, the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 CE, accepting Portuguese possession of the eastern region of South America (which corresponds to present-day Brazil asa of 2020 CE). This treaty officially finalized the initial global division between the two powers.

Columbus's successful 1492 voyage, which proved the feasibility of westward ocean travel, prompted Portugal to intensify its long-term efforts to establish an eastward route around Africa to reach Asia. In line with this goal, Vasco da Gama and his colleagues embarked on an expedition to India in 1497 CE, aboard ships like the São Gabriel and São Rafael. Their vessels displayed the Cross of Christ (a red cross), the emblem of the Portuguese Military Order of Christ, which succeeded the Knights Templar in Portugal.

Gama Leaving Lisbon
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_Leaving_Portugal,.jpg

Sao Gabriel on the Bottom Right
*Attribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaoGabriel.png
* "Vasco da Gama on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama
* "Sao Gabriel (Ship) on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_(ship)

Supported by Spain, Spanish explorers and conquistadores rapidly advanced across the American continent. By 1550 CE, Spain had established dominance over the major parts of the continent, including the Caribbean, South America (excluding present-day Brazil as of 2020 CE), Central America, and the southern region of the present-day USA as of 2020 CE. Portugal followed by dominating the eastern region of South America, in accordance with the Treaty of Tordesillas. Spain secured its first regional control by dominating the Caribbean around 1510 CE. The Spanish campaigns then led to the discovery and conquest of major indigenous civilizations: They encountered the Azteca in present-day Mexico in 1519 CE. They located the Inca civilization in the Andes in 1526 CE. The Spanish subsequently seized the substantial gold and silver reserves of these empires by force.
Portugal, adhering to the Treaty of Tordesillas, focused its efforts on its designated territory. Portugal initiated sugar plantations in present-day Brazil starting in 1533 CE. To support this labor-intensive enterprise, African slaves were subsequently transported to these Portuguese sugar plantations.

Meanwhile, a pivotal development occurred in Europe: Ignatius of Loyola, a Basque from present-day Spain, experienced a profound spiritual conversion in 1522 CE in a cave near Manresa, Catalonia, where he was inspired by visions of Mary and Jesus. He went on to found the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534 CE. The Jesuits subsequently embarked on extensive missionary work, traveling to foreign countries aboard sailing ships. These vessels often displayed the Cross of Christ (a red cross), the emblem of the Portuguese Military Order of Christ, which was the official successor to the Knights Templar in Portugal and was heavily involved in financing and supporting maritime expansion.
* "Society of Jesus on Wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus

Spain rapidly secured immense wealth in the Americas, marked by the discovery of major silver deposits: the Cerro Rico Silver Mine of Potosí in the Andes (present-day Bolivia as of 2020 CE) in 1545 CE, and the Guanajuato Silver Mine in Mexico around the same time. During this period, the indigenous population drastically decreased due to forced labor and the spread of new pathogens introduced from Europe. The gold, silver, and other wealth extracted from the American continent were sent to Spain via the Spanish Treasure Fleet, ultimately financing the construction of the formidable Spanish Armada.
Concurrently, Elizabeth I of England opposed Spanish hegemony. England employed privateers (often referred to as the Pirates of the Caribbean) to raid the Spanish Treasure Fleet, intercepting the flow of American wealth. The confrontation between the Protestant-leaning Queen Elizabeth I, who had established the Church of England, and Philip II of Catholic Spanish Habsburg escalated due to several factors: 1 The raids by the English privateers. 2 Deep-seated religious differences (Catholicism versus Protestantism). 3 The 1587 execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic claimant to the English throne who was associated with Spanish Catholic interests.
This culminated in the Battle of the English Channel. In 1588 CE, England, allied with the Netherlands (which was also rebelling against Spanish rule), defeated the Spanish Armada. This victory significantly reduced Spanish mastery of the sea and marked a turning point in European power dynamics.
* "European Colonization of the Americas in Wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas#Early_state-sponsored_colonists
* "Potosi on Wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potos%C3%AD
* "Guanajuato on Wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanajuato,_Guanajuato

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